Safety Assessment – Evaluation of Safety Risks – Safety

Introduction

A safety assessment is a systematic, evidence-based process essential for managing risks and maintaining compliance across high-stakes industries such as aviation, healthcare, and manufacturing. It involves identifying hazards, analyzing and evaluating risks, implementing effective controls, and ensuring ongoing compliance with international standards like ICAO Doc 9859, ISO 31000, and ISO 45001. Safety assessments support informed decision-making, protect people and assets, and foster a proactive safety culture.

Key Terms and Concepts

Hazard

A hazard is any source, situation, or condition with the potential to cause harm to people, assets, or the environment. Hazards may be physical (e.g., unguarded machinery), chemical (e.g., toxic substances), biological (e.g., pathogens), ergonomic (e.g., repetitive strain), psychosocial (e.g., stress), or environmental (e.g., extreme weather).

Example

Unlabeled chemicals on a factory floor, exposed wiring, or poor lighting are common hazards in industrial settings.

Risk

Risk is the combination of the probability (likelihood) and the severity (potential impact) of a hazardous event occurring. Risk provides a quantifiable basis for prioritizing action.

Formula:
Risk = Probability × Severity

Risks are classified as acceptable, tolerable (if mitigated), or unacceptable, depending on organizational and regulatory criteria.

Probability (Likelihood)

Probability refers to the chance that a hazardous event will occur within a specific timeframe or situation. It can be expressed qualitatively (e.g., rare, likely) or quantitatively (e.g., 1 in 10,000 operations). Accurate probability estimation uses historical data, expert judgment, and predictive models.

Severity (Consequence)

Severity describes the magnitude of harm resulting from a hazardous event. Categories range from negligible (no injury) to catastrophic (multiple fatalities or total asset loss). Severity is standardized in risk matrices for objective decision-making.

Exposure

Exposure is the extent to which people, equipment, or the environment are subjected to a hazard. Frequency and duration of exposure influence overall risk.

Control Measure

A control measure is any action or device implemented to eliminate or reduce risk. Controls can be:

• Engineering controls: Physical changes (e.g., machine guards)
• Administrative controls: Procedures, training, scheduling
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Gear to protect individuals

Effectiveness is evaluated regularly to ensure continued risk reduction.

Hierarchy of Controls

The hierarchy of controls prioritizes hazard control strategies from most to least effective:

1. Elimination (remove hazard)
2. Substitution (replace with safer alternative)
3. Engineering controls
4. Administrative controls
5. PPE

Risk Assessment

A risk assessment is a documented process to identify hazards, analyze and evaluate risks, and determine appropriate controls. It is central to safety management in regulated industries.

Steps:

1. Hazard identification
2. Risk analysis (probability & severity)
3. Risk evaluation (compare to criteria)
4. Control selection
5. Documentation
6. Review

Safety Assessment

A safety assessment is a structured evaluation—often required by law or regulation—used to determine the presence and nature of immediate or potential dangers. It encompasses risk assessment, stakeholder engagement, and documentation.

In aviation, safety assessments are core to the Safety Management System (SMS) and are required for operational changes, new procedures, or after hazard reports.

Risk Management

Risk management is the coordinated activity of identifying, assessing, controlling, and monitoring risks. It is a continuous process aligned with ISO 31000, integrating risk appetite, treatment, communication, and review across the organization.

Risk Evaluation

Risk evaluation compares analyzed risks against acceptance criteria to prioritize action. Tools such as risk matrices or decision trees standardize this process.

Risk Matrix

A risk matrix plots likelihood against severity to visually categorize risk levels (e.g., low, medium, high).

Hazard Identification

Hazard identification uses audits, inspections, incident reviews, and employee feedback to systematically find all potential sources of harm. It is both proactive and reactive.

Risk Analysis

Risk analysis estimates the likelihood and severity of adverse outcomes, using qualitative expert judgment or quantitative data and models.

Documentation

Documentation records all steps, decisions, and outcomes of the safety assessment process. This ensures compliance, supports audits, and facilitates continuous improvement. Digital tools are widely used for efficiency.

Review and Monitoring

Review and monitoring involve ongoing evaluation of control effectiveness, using key performance indicators (KPIs), audits, and incident data. Regular reviews ensure controls remain effective and risks are managed as conditions change.

Compliance

Compliance means adhering to all relevant laws, regulations, and standards (e.g., ICAO, EASA, FAA, OSHA, ISO 45001). Maintaining compliance requires thorough documentation and regular audits.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS/OSH)

OHS/OSH is the discipline focused on preventing workplace harm through hazard identification, risk assessment, control implementation, and fostering a safety culture. Performance is measured using both lagging (incident rates) and leading (training, observations) indicators.

Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)

ERM addresses all types of organizational risks (strategic, financial, safety) using a holistic, ISO 31000-aligned framework, integrating safety risk management with wider business objectives.

Risk Assessment Process

Key Phases:

1. Planning and Scoping
2. Hazard Identification
3. Risk Analysis and Evaluation
4. Control Measure Selection
5. Documentation
6. Review and Monitoring

Risk Assessment Techniques

Common techniques include:

• Checklists: Standardized hazard identification
• Risk matrices: Visual risk prioritization
• FMEA: Systematic evaluation of potential failures
• Bowtie Analysis: Visualization of risk pathways

Safety Professional

A safety professional is a trained expert responsible for risk assessments, policy development, incident investigation, and compliance. Certifications include CSP, Chartered Member of IOSH, etc.

Safety Standards

Safety standards are formal rules and best practices (e.g., OSHA, ISO 45001, ICAO Doc 9859) governing safety management and risk assessment.

Hazard Control

Hazard control implements measures (engineering, administrative, PPE) to eliminate or reduce risks, ensuring ongoing evaluation and documentation.

Level of Risk

The level of risk categorizes the overall danger as low, medium, high, or extreme, guiding prioritization and resource allocation.

Qualitative, Semi-Quantitative, and Quantitative Risk

• Qualitative: Uses descriptive categories (e.g., likely, severe)
• Semi-quantitative: Assigns numerical scores for prioritization
• Quantitative: Uses statistical/numerical data for precise estimation

Conclusion

Safety assessment is a cornerstone of risk management and regulatory compliance. By systematically identifying hazards, evaluating risks, implementing controls, and maintaining documentation, organizations safeguard people, assets, and the environment. Adhering to international standards and best practices ensures not only compliance but also operational excellence and organizational resilience.

For further details or assistance with implementing an effective safety assessment program, contact us or schedule a demo .